Key Points
Theories of Imitation: Observed actions elicit an instinctive drive to copy those actions. Imitation is limited by development: Children imitate actions that fit with existing cognitive structures.
Imitation is instrumental behavior: imitation becomes a secondary drive through repeated reinforcement of responses matching those of models.
Rotter's Social Learning Theory: According to Rotter, individuals consider the likely consequences of their actions in a given situation and act based on their beliefs.
Bandura's Theory of Social Learning: most of the human learning occurs in a social environment. By observing others, people acquire knowledge of rules, skills, strategies, beliefs, and attitudes. Individuals also learn about the usefulness and appropriateness of behaviors by observing models and the consequences of modeled behaviors and they act in accordance with their beliefs concerning the expected outcomes of actions.
"The concept of ability is not a fixed attribute in our repertoire, rather it is a generative capability which cognitive, motivational, emotional and behavioral skills must be organized and effectively orchestrated to serve diverse purposes.
Indirect vs Direct: Reinforcement & Punishment on Learning
En-active learning involves learning from the consequences of one's actions. Behaviors that result in successful consequences are retained; those that lead to failures are refined or discarded.
Vicarious exerpiences: Occurs when people observe the consequences of another person's actions and adjust their own behavior accordingly.
Expectations: For social cognitive theorists, reinforcement and punishment cause individuals to form expectations about consequences that are likely to result form various behaviors.
Types of Models
Direct Modeling: simply attempting to imitate the model's behavior. EX: family members, friends and work associates
Symbolic Modeling: imitating behaviors displayed by characters in books, lays, movies, or television.
Basic Elements Involved in Learning from Models
1. Attention: past performance, relevance
2. Retention: Observer characteristics, cognitive skills
3. Motor Reproduction: physical capabilities, feedback
4. Motivation: Incentive Preference, social bias
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Theories of Imitation: Observed actions elicit an instinctive drive to copy those actions. Imitation is limited by development: Children imitate actions that fit with existing cognitive structures.
Imitation is instrumental behavior: imitation becomes a secondary drive through repeated reinforcement of responses matching those of models.
Rotter's Social Learning Theory: According to Rotter, individuals consider the likely consequences of their actions in a given situation and act based on their beliefs.
Bandura's Theory of Social Learning: most of the human learning occurs in a social environment. By observing others, people acquire knowledge of rules, skills, strategies, beliefs, and attitudes. Individuals also learn about the usefulness and appropriateness of behaviors by observing models and the consequences of modeled behaviors and they act in accordance with their beliefs concerning the expected outcomes of actions.
"The concept of ability is not a fixed attribute in our repertoire, rather it is a generative capability which cognitive, motivational, emotional and behavioral skills must be organized and effectively orchestrated to serve diverse purposes.
Indirect vs Direct: Reinforcement & Punishment on Learning
En-active learning involves learning from the consequences of one's actions. Behaviors that result in successful consequences are retained; those that lead to failures are refined or discarded.
Vicarious exerpiences: Occurs when people observe the consequences of another person's actions and adjust their own behavior accordingly.
Expectations: For social cognitive theorists, reinforcement and punishment cause individuals to form expectations about consequences that are likely to result form various behaviors.
Types of Models
Direct Modeling: simply attempting to imitate the model's behavior. EX: family members, friends and work associates
Symbolic Modeling: imitating behaviors displayed by characters in books, lays, movies, or television.
Basic Elements Involved in Learning from Models
1. Attention: past performance, relevance
2. Retention: Observer characteristics, cognitive skills
3. Motor Reproduction: physical capabilities, feedback
4. Motivation: Incentive Preference, social bias
[1]